@inproceedings{oai:kutarr.kochi-tech.ac.jp:00001020,
 author = {Suharyanto and Matsushita, Jun},
 book = {Society for Social Management Systems Internet Journal},
 issue = {1},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {Control over water pollution in developing countries is a laborious challenge due to constraints related to rapid urbanization with weak governance and social awareness besides the technological aspect in finding out and applying the most appropriate options. In the frame of analysis on the most appropriate method for domestic wastewater treatment applicable for developing countries under rapid urbanization, this paper presents analysis of applicability of Japan’s on-site Johkasou system to the developing countries. The focus was put on constraint analysis during the application of the system in the study area. The experience from the project of technology transfer of Johkasou management to the water supply enterprise (PDAM) in Cirebon City, Indonesia was used as the case study. Constraints as regards technical and economic aspects were elaborated during operation and maintenance of the system referred to the data and report provided by Japan International Corporation of Welfare Service (JICWELS). Support of well-established management for operation and maintenance of the system are highly required in applying Johkasou system such as those available in Japan; however they are not yet currently the case in Cirebon City. In addition, availability of support for continuous operation requiring a continuous energy-consumption has been an important issue in the Cirebon case. An intermittent operation of aeration system and discharge pump—aiming to save operational cost for electricity—has been attempted to apply. However, the stoppage of aeration system as well as its absence due to equipment breakdown and repair in some periods after starting of operation—has affected the quality of treated effluent especially during high load periods. Additionally, after-effect of aeration stop on the effluent quality was still observed even in the restart period. As regards the required construction cost of the system, the amount is still considered high for low-mid income class family in the study area considering the willingness to pay in the study area. Upon this, considering the cost of the system and the large discrepancy of GDP level, the application of such a hard-measure system is still intricate to be considered for application in the study area. However, further analysis as regards economic analysis including comparison with other methods should be elaborated to find out the most appropriate method for the study area. The application of other methods which are more feasible such as the integration of improved private initiative onsite treatment system and modified public sewerage or community-based decentralized treatment systems with low-cost operation and maintenance should be considered. Furthermore, it is important that future scheme of support from local government to the available well-managed wastewater management systems—by means of any type of appreciation including public statement and a tax waiver/reduction—be established as the model to stimulate a proper management of the treatment system.},
 publisher = {Society for Social Management Systems},
 title = {Constraints Analysis in the Applicability of Johkasou System to Cirebon City, Indonesia : Case Investigation for Appropriate Domestic Wastewater Treatment System for Developing Countries},
 volume = {6},
 year = {2010}
}