@inproceedings{oai:kutarr.kochi-tech.ac.jp:00001243,
 author = {SAITO, Norio},
 book = {Society for Social Management Systems Internet Journal},
 month = {Dec},
 note = {Cities in developing countries are suffering from growing infrastructure deficits due to rapid
urban growth. Infrastructure, with a long service life, needs to take into account future climate change in its
design. ‘Climate-proofing’ refers to the explicit consideration and internalization of climate change to ensure
delivery of services made available by the infrastructure at acceptable levels over its service life. While the
concept is well recognized, there are still limited cases in developing countries in proposing climate-proofed
projects derived through quantitative assessments. Thus, this article first undertakes a comparative review of
seven cases in developing countries in Asia ([i] urban floods in Bangkok, Thailand; [ii] urban floods in Ho
Chi Minh City, Vietnam; [iii] urban floods in Manila, Philippines; [iv] urban floods and [v] water supply in
Khulna, Bangladesh; [vi] inland monsoon floods and [vii] cyclones in Bangladesh) where climate-proofing
has been conducted, in order to identify advantages and challenges of climate-proofing. The review reveals
advantages of climate-proofing, such as presentation of costs and benefits that will assist decision-making,
preliminary designs of infrastructure, and specific recommendations of adaptation options. On the other hand,
challenges include: (i) assessments are not made from the viewpoints of equity and legitimacy; (ii) costs and
feasibility of supplementary measures (soft options) are usually not analyzed in detail; and (iii) assessments
are time- and resource-consuming. Issues of uncertainties, although highlighted in these cases, have not been
well incorporated in the analyses. The article thus secondly looks into robustness of adaptation options, by
applying the four criteria used in the literature – no regret, reversible and flexible, safety margins, and
synergies with other measures. An analysis of the proposed adaptation options in the water supply and urban
drainage systems in Khulna, Bangladesh demonstrates that the consolidated options as a whole meet the
criteria and are considered robust to uncertainty, while each option does not necessarily meet all the criteria.
The assessment also identifies the need to evaluate the effectiveness of each option, but further research is
warranted to analyze distributional effects of adaptation options, and institutional arrangements for
implementation.},
 publisher = {Society for Social Management Systems},
 title = {Climate-proofing urban infrastructure in developing countries: challenges, advantages, and considerations under uncertainty},
 volume = {9},
 year = {2014}
}