@inproceedings{oai:kutarr.kochi-tech.ac.jp:00000920,
 author = {Suharyanto and Matsushita, Jun},
 book = {Society for Social Management Systems Internet Journal},
 issue = {1},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {The water quality in upper Citarum River Basin, has been deteriorating especially for the last a decade. Apart from the water pollution due to non-point sources, inadequate wastewater treatment for households and industries in the basin has been strongly considered to be the major factor contributing to this poor state. The efforts undertaken to improve the quality of Citarum River have not yet achieved an expected result as it is indicated by some key parameters such as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). A comprehensive approach could probably be required to deal with the water quality management in upper Citarum Basin. Basin-Based Wastewater Management (BBWM) approach is introduced in the paper which views the perspective from a basin-wide context through the assessment of structural measures (public sewerage system) and nonstructural measures (e.g. private-initiated individual and communal on-site treatment) dealing with wastewater management. BBWM system of 3 different regions: Upper Citarum Basin, West Java Province (Indonesia), Suwa Basin, Nagano Prefecture (Japan), and Delfland, South Holland Province (the Netherlands) is incorporated in this comparative study. High coverage of public sewerage system (structural measures) and combination of structural and non-structural measures have resulted in a low pollutant discharge and further increasing the quality of surface water as it is shown in the basins investigated (Suwa and Delfland Basins). However, insufficient structural measures such as in upper Citarum Basin, BBWM is entirely required. Case in Japan’s system has shown that adequate non-structural measures could overcome a short of structural measures as it is shown in the earlier phase of Suwa Basin related to sewage system. Therefore, efforts to encourage non-structural measures in upper Citarum Basin due to a slow development of public sewerage development should be highly endorsed. In addition, appropriate non-structural measures generated should be supported by increasing community awareness to obtain highest output.},
 publisher = {Society for Social Management Systems},
 title = {Basin-Based Wastewater Management System in Japan, the Netherlands and Indonesia : A Comparative Study for Surface Water Quality Improvement in Upper Citarum Basin},
 volume = {4},
 year = {2008}
}